fix: extend forgejo_auth_token table

- Add a `purpose` column, this allows the `forgejo_auth_token` table to
be used by other parts of Forgejo, while still enjoying the
no-compromise architecture.
- Remove the 'roll your own crypto' time limited code functions and
migrate them to the `forgejo_auth_token` table. This migration ensures
generated codes can only be used for their purpose and ensure they are
invalidated after their usage by deleting it from the database, this
also should help making auditing of the security code easier, as we're
no longer trying to stuff a lot of data into a HMAC construction.
-Helper functions are rewritten to ensure a safe-by-design approach to
these tokens.
- Add the `forgejo_auth_token` to dbconsistency doctor and add it to the
`deleteUser` function.
- TODO: Add cron job to delete expired authorization tokens.
- Unit and integration tests added.

models/auth/auth_token.go

@@ -15,12 +15,31 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 )
 
+type AuthorizationPurpose string
+
+var (
+	// Used to store long term authorization tokens.
+	LongTermAuthorization AuthorizationPurpose = "long_term_authorization"
+
+	// Used to activate a user account.
+	UserActivation AuthorizationPurpose = "user_activation"
+
+	// Used to reset the password.
+	PasswordReset AuthorizationPurpose = "password_reset"
+)
+
+// Used to activate the specified email address for a user.
+func EmailActivation(email string) AuthorizationPurpose {
+	return AuthorizationPurpose("email_activation:" + email)
+}
+
 // AuthorizationToken represents a authorization token to a user.
 type AuthorizationToken struct {
 	ID              int64  `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
 	UID             int64  `xorm:"INDEX"`
 	LookupKey       string `xorm:"INDEX UNIQUE"`
 	HashedValidator string
+	Purpose         AuthorizationPurpose `xorm:"NOT NULL"`
 	Expiry          timeutil.TimeStamp
 }
 
@@ -41,7 +60,7 @@ func (authToken *AuthorizationToken) IsExpired() bool {
 // GenerateAuthToken generates a new authentication token for the given user.
 // It returns the lookup key and validator values that should be passed to the
 // user via a long-term cookie.
-func GenerateAuthToken(ctx context.Context, userID int64, expiry timeutil.TimeStamp) (lookupKey, validator string, err error) {
+func GenerateAuthToken(ctx context.Context, userID int64, expiry timeutil.TimeStamp, purpose AuthorizationPurpose) (lookupKey, validator string, err error) {
 	// Request 64 random bytes. The first 32 bytes will be used for the lookupKey
 	// and the other 32 bytes will be used for the validator.
 	rBytes, err := util.CryptoRandomBytes(64)
@@ -56,14 +75,15 @@ func GenerateAuthToken(ctx context.Context, userID int64, expiry timeutil.TimeSt
 		Expiry:          expiry,
 		LookupKey:       lookupKey,
 		HashedValidator: HashValidator(rBytes[32:]),
+		Purpose:         purpose,
 	})
 	return lookupKey, validator, err
 }
 
 // FindAuthToken will find a authorization token via the lookup key.
-func FindAuthToken(ctx context.Context, lookupKey string) (*AuthorizationToken, error) {
+func FindAuthToken(ctx context.Context, lookupKey string, purpose AuthorizationPurpose) (*AuthorizationToken, error) {
 	var authToken AuthorizationToken
-	has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("lookup_key = ?", lookupKey).Get(&authToken)
+	has, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).Where("lookup_key = ? AND purpose = ?", lookupKey, purpose).Get(&authToken)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	} else if !has {

models/forgejo_migrations/migrate.go

@@ -84,6 +84,8 @@ var migrations = []*Migration{
 	NewMigration("Add `legacy` to `web_authn_credential` table", AddLegacyToWebAuthnCredential),
 	// v23 -> v24
 	NewMigration("Add `delete_branch_after_merge` to `auto_merge` table", AddDeleteBranchAfterMergeToAutoMerge),
+	// v24 -> v25
+	NewMigration("Add `purpose` column to `forgejo_auth_token` table", AddPurposeToForgejoAuthToken),
 }
 
 // GetCurrentDBVersion returns the current Forgejo database version.

models/forgejo_migrations/v24.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Forgejo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package forgejo_migrations //nolint:revive
+
+import "xorm.io/xorm"
+
+func AddPurposeToForgejoAuthToken(x *xorm.Engine) error {
+	type ForgejoAuthToken struct {
+		ID      int64  `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
+		Purpose string `xorm:"NOT NULL"`
+	}
+	if err := x.Sync(new(ForgejoAuthToken)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, err := x.Exec("UPDATE `forgejo_auth_token` SET purpose = 'long_term_authorization' WHERE purpose = ''")
+	return err
+}

models/user/email_address.go

@@ -8,10 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
-	"time"
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/base"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
@@ -246,23 +244,6 @@ func updateActivation(ctx context.Context, email *EmailAddress, activate bool) e
 	return UpdateUserCols(ctx, user, "rands")
 }
 
-// VerifyActiveEmailCode verifies active email code when active account
-func VerifyActiveEmailCode(ctx context.Context, code, email string) *EmailAddress {
-	if user := GetVerifyUser(ctx, code); user != nil {
-		// time limit code
-		prefix := code[:base.TimeLimitCodeLength]
-		data := fmt.Sprintf("%d%s%s%s%s", user.ID, email, user.LowerName, user.Passwd, user.Rands)
-
-		if base.VerifyTimeLimitCode(time.Now(), data, setting.Service.ActiveCodeLives, prefix) {
-			emailAddress := &EmailAddress{UID: user.ID, Email: email}
-			if has, _ := db.GetEngine(ctx).Get(emailAddress); has {
-				return emailAddress
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 // SearchEmailOrderBy is used to sort the results from SearchEmails()
 type SearchEmailOrderBy string
 

models/user/user.go

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ package user
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto/subtle"
 	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/mail"
 	"net/url"
@@ -318,15 +320,14 @@ func (u *User) OrganisationLink() string {
 	return setting.AppSubURL + "/org/" + url.PathEscape(u.Name)
 }
 
-// GenerateEmailActivateCode generates an activate code based on user information and given e-mail.
+// GenerateEmailAuthorizationCode generates an activation code based for the user for the specified purpose.
-func (u *User) GenerateEmailActivateCode(email string) string {
+// The standard expiry is ActiveCodeLives minutes.
-	code := base.CreateTimeLimitCode(
+func (u *User) GenerateEmailAuthorizationCode(ctx context.Context, purpose auth.AuthorizationPurpose) (string, error) {
-		fmt.Sprintf("%d%s%s%s%s", u.ID, email, u.LowerName, u.Passwd, u.Rands),
+	lookup, validator, err := auth.GenerateAuthToken(ctx, u.ID, timeutil.TimeStampNow().Add(int64(setting.Service.ActiveCodeLives)*60), purpose)
-		setting.Service.ActiveCodeLives, time.Now(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
-
+		return "", err
-	// Add tail hex username
+	}
-	code += hex.EncodeToString([]byte(u.LowerName))
+	return lookup + ":" + validator, nil
-	return code
 }
 
 // GetUserFollowers returns range of user's followers.
@@ -838,35 +839,50 @@ func countUsers(ctx context.Context, opts *CountUserFilter) int64 {
 	return count
 }
 
-// GetVerifyUser get user by verify code
+// VerifyUserActiveCode verifies that the code is valid for the given purpose for this user.
-func GetVerifyUser(ctx context.Context, code string) (user *User) {
+// If delete is specified, the token will be deleted.
-	if len(code) <= base.TimeLimitCodeLength {
+func VerifyUserAuthorizationToken(ctx context.Context, code string, purpose auth.AuthorizationPurpose, delete bool) (*User, error) {
-		return nil
+	lookupKey, validator, found := strings.Cut(code, ":")
+	if !found {
+		return nil, nil
 	}
 
-	// use tail hex username query user
+	authToken, err := auth.FindAuthToken(ctx, lookupKey, purpose)
-	hexStr := code[base.TimeLimitCodeLength:]
+	if err != nil {
-	if b, err := hex.DecodeString(hexStr); err == nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, util.ErrNotExist) {
-		if user, err = GetUserByName(ctx, string(b)); user != nil {
+			return nil, nil
-			return user
 		}
-		log.Error("user.getVerifyUser: %v", err)
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	if authToken.IsExpired() {
+		return nil, auth.DeleteAuthToken(ctx, authToken)
 	}
 
-// VerifyUserActiveCode verifies active code when active account
+	rawValidator, err := hex.DecodeString(validator)
-func VerifyUserActiveCode(ctx context.Context, code string) (user *User) {
+	if err != nil {
-	if user = GetVerifyUser(ctx, code); user != nil {
+		return nil, err
-		// time limit code
+	}
-		prefix := code[:base.TimeLimitCodeLength]
+
-		data := fmt.Sprintf("%d%s%s%s%s", user.ID, user.Email, user.LowerName, user.Passwd, user.Rands)
+	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(authToken.HashedValidator), []byte(auth.HashValidator(rawValidator))) == 0 {
-		if base.VerifyTimeLimitCode(time.Now(), data, setting.Service.ActiveCodeLives, prefix) {
+		return nil, errors.New("validator doesn't match")
-			return user
+	}
+
+	u, err := GetUserByID(ctx, authToken.UID)
+	if err != nil {
+		if IsErrUserNotExist(err) {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if delete {
+		if err := auth.DeleteAuthToken(ctx, authToken); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
+
+	return u, nil
 }
 
 // ValidateUser check if user is valid to insert / update into database

models/user/user_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package user_test
 import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -21,7 +22,9 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/test"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/validation"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/tests"
 
@@ -700,3 +703,66 @@ func TestDisabledUserFeatures(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.True(t, user_model.IsFeatureDisabledWithLoginType(user, f))
 	}
 }
+
+func TestGenerateEmailAuthorizationCode(t *testing.T) {
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.Service.ActiveCodeLives, 2)()
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 2})
+
+	code, err := user.GenerateEmailAuthorizationCode(db.DefaultContext, auth.UserActivation)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	lookupKey, validator, ok := strings.Cut(code, ":")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	rawValidator, err := hex.DecodeString(validator)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	authToken, err := auth.FindAuthToken(db.DefaultContext, lookupKey, auth.UserActivation)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.False(t, authToken.IsExpired())
+	assert.EqualValues(t, authToken.HashedValidator, auth.HashValidator(rawValidator))
+
+	authToken.Expiry = authToken.Expiry.Add(-int64(setting.Service.ActiveCodeLives) * 60)
+	assert.True(t, authToken.IsExpired())
+}
+
+func TestVerifyUserAuthorizationToken(t *testing.T) {
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.Service.ActiveCodeLives, 2)()
+	require.NoError(t, unittest.PrepareTestDatabase())
+
+	user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 2})
+
+	code, err := user.GenerateEmailAuthorizationCode(db.DefaultContext, auth.UserActivation)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	lookupKey, _, ok := strings.Cut(code, ":")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	t.Run("Wrong purpose", func(t *testing.T) {
+		u, err := user_model.VerifyUserAuthorizationToken(db.DefaultContext, code, auth.PasswordReset, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Nil(t, u)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("No delete", func(t *testing.T) {
+		u, err := user_model.VerifyUserAuthorizationToken(db.DefaultContext, code, auth.UserActivation, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.EqualValues(t, user.ID, u.ID)
+
+		authToken, err := auth.FindAuthToken(db.DefaultContext, lookupKey, auth.UserActivation)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NotNil(t, authToken)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Delete", func(t *testing.T) {
+		u, err := user_model.VerifyUserAuthorizationToken(db.DefaultContext, code, auth.UserActivation, true)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.EqualValues(t, user.ID, u.ID)
+
+		authToken, err := auth.FindAuthToken(db.DefaultContext, lookupKey, auth.UserActivation)
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, util.ErrNotExist)
+		assert.Nil(t, authToken)
+	})
+}

modules/base/tool.go

@@ -4,26 +4,20 @@
 package base
 
 import (
-	"crypto/hmac"
-	"crypto/sha1"
 	"crypto/sha256"
-	"crypto/subtle"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"hash"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-	"time"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 
 	"github.com/dustin/go-humanize"
 )
@@ -54,66 +48,6 @@ func BasicAuthDecode(encoded string) (string, string, error) {
 	return "", "", errors.New("invalid basic authentication")
 }
 
-// VerifyTimeLimitCode verify time limit code
-func VerifyTimeLimitCode(now time.Time, data string, minutes int, code string) bool {
-	if len(code) <= 18 {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	startTimeStr := code[:12]
-	aliveTimeStr := code[12:18]
-	aliveTime, _ := strconv.Atoi(aliveTimeStr) // no need to check err, if anything wrong, the following code check will fail soon
-
-	// check code
-	retCode := CreateTimeLimitCode(data, aliveTime, startTimeStr, nil)
-	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(retCode), []byte(code)) != 1 {
-		retCode = CreateTimeLimitCode(data, aliveTime, startTimeStr, sha1.New()) // TODO: this is only for the support of legacy codes, remove this in/after 1.23
-		if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(retCode), []byte(code)) != 1 {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-
-	// check time is expired or not: startTime <= now && now < startTime + minutes
-	startTime, _ := time.ParseInLocation("200601021504", startTimeStr, time.Local)
-	return (startTime.Before(now) || startTime.Equal(now)) && now.Before(startTime.Add(time.Minute*time.Duration(minutes)))
-}
-
-// TimeLimitCodeLength default value for time limit code
-const TimeLimitCodeLength = 12 + 6 + 40
-
-// CreateTimeLimitCode create a time-limited code.
-// Format: 12 length date time string + 6 minutes string (not used) + 40 hash string, some other code depends on this fixed length
-// If h is nil, then use the default hmac hash.
-func CreateTimeLimitCode[T time.Time | string](data string, minutes int, startTimeGeneric T, h hash.Hash) string {
-	const format = "200601021504"
-
-	var start time.Time
-	var startTimeAny any = startTimeGeneric
-	if t, ok := startTimeAny.(time.Time); ok {
-		start = t
-	} else {
-		var err error
-		start, err = time.ParseInLocation(format, startTimeAny.(string), time.Local)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "" // return an invalid code because the "parse" failed
-		}
-	}
-	startStr := start.Format(format)
-	end := start.Add(time.Minute * time.Duration(minutes))
-
-	if h == nil {
-		h = hmac.New(sha1.New, setting.GetGeneralTokenSigningSecret())
-	}
-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(h, "%s%s%s%s%d", data, hex.EncodeToString(setting.GetGeneralTokenSigningSecret()), startStr, end.Format(format), minutes)
-	encoded := hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil))
-
-	code := fmt.Sprintf("%s%06d%s", startStr, minutes, encoded)
-	if len(code) != TimeLimitCodeLength {
-		panic("there is a hard requirement for the length of time-limited code") // it shouldn't happen
-	}
-	return code
-}
-
 // FileSize calculates the file size and generate user-friendly string.
 func FileSize(s int64) string {
 	return humanize.IBytes(uint64(s))

modules/base/tool_test.go

@@ -4,13 +4,7 @@
 package base
 
 import (
-	"crypto/sha1"
-	"fmt"
 	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/test"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -46,57 +40,6 @@ func TestBasicAuthDecode(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
-func TestVerifyTimeLimitCode(t *testing.T) {
-	defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.InstallLock, true)()
-	initGeneralSecret := func(secret string) {
-		setting.InstallLock = true
-		setting.CfgProvider, _ = setting.NewConfigProviderFromData(fmt.Sprintf(`
-[oauth2]
-JWT_SECRET = %s
-`, secret))
-		setting.LoadCommonSettings()
-	}
-
-	initGeneralSecret("KZb_QLUd4fYVyxetjxC4eZkrBgWM2SndOOWDNtgUUko")
-	now := time.Now()
-
-	t.Run("TestGenericParameter", func(t *testing.T) {
-		time2000 := time.Date(2000, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.Local)
-		assert.Equal(t, "2000010203040000026fa5221b2731b7cf80b1b506f5e39e38c115fee5", CreateTimeLimitCode("test-sha1", 2, time2000, sha1.New()))
-		assert.Equal(t, "2000010203040000026fa5221b2731b7cf80b1b506f5e39e38c115fee5", CreateTimeLimitCode("test-sha1", 2, "200001020304", sha1.New()))
-		assert.Equal(t, "2000010203040000024842227a2f87041ff82025199c0187410a9297bf", CreateTimeLimitCode("test-hmac", 2, time2000, nil))
-		assert.Equal(t, "2000010203040000024842227a2f87041ff82025199c0187410a9297bf", CreateTimeLimitCode("test-hmac", 2, "200001020304", nil))
-	})
-
-	t.Run("TestInvalidCode", func(t *testing.T) {
-		assert.False(t, VerifyTimeLimitCode(now, "data", 2, ""))
-		assert.False(t, VerifyTimeLimitCode(now, "data", 2, "invalid code"))
-	})
-
-	t.Run("TestCreateAndVerify", func(t *testing.T) {
-		code := CreateTimeLimitCode("data", 2, now, nil)
-		assert.False(t, VerifyTimeLimitCode(now.Add(-time.Minute), "data", 2, code)) // not started yet
-		assert.True(t, VerifyTimeLimitCode(now, "data", 2, code))
-		assert.True(t, VerifyTimeLimitCode(now.Add(time.Minute), "data", 2, code))
-		assert.False(t, VerifyTimeLimitCode(now.Add(time.Minute), "DATA", 2, code))   // invalid data
-		assert.False(t, VerifyTimeLimitCode(now.Add(2*time.Minute), "data", 2, code)) // expired
-	})
-
-	t.Run("TestDifferentSecret", func(t *testing.T) {
-		// use another secret to ensure the code is invalid for different secret
-		verifyDataCode := func(c string) bool {
-			return VerifyTimeLimitCode(now, "data", 2, c)
-		}
-		code1 := CreateTimeLimitCode("data", 2, now, sha1.New())
-		code2 := CreateTimeLimitCode("data", 2, now, nil)
-		assert.True(t, verifyDataCode(code1))
-		assert.True(t, verifyDataCode(code2))
-		initGeneralSecret("000_QLUd4fYVyxetjxC4eZkrBgWM2SndOOWDNtgUUko")
-		assert.False(t, verifyDataCode(code1))
-		assert.False(t, verifyDataCode(code2))
-	})
-}
-
 func TestFileSize(t *testing.T) {
 	var size int64 = 512
 	assert.Equal(t, "512 B", FileSize(size))

routers/web/auth/auth.go

@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 package auth
 
 import (
-	"crypto/subtle"
-	"encoding/hex"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
@@ -63,38 +61,11 @@ func autoSignIn(ctx *context.Context) (bool, error) {
 		return false, nil
 	}
 
-	lookupKey, validator, found := strings.Cut(authCookie, ":")
+	u, err := user_model.VerifyUserAuthorizationToken(ctx, authCookie, auth.LongTermAuthorization, false)
-	if !found {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	authToken, err := auth.FindAuthToken(ctx, lookupKey)
 	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, util.ErrNotExist) {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("VerifyUserAuthorizationToken: %w", err)
-			return false, nil
-		}
-		return false, err
-	}
-
-	if authToken.IsExpired() {
-		err = auth.DeleteAuthToken(ctx, authToken)
-		return false, err
-	}
-
-	rawValidator, err := hex.DecodeString(validator)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-
-	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(authToken.HashedValidator), []byte(auth.HashValidator(rawValidator))) == 0 {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	u, err := user_model.GetUserByID(ctx, authToken.UID)
-	if err != nil {
-		if !user_model.IsErrUserNotExist(err) {
-			return false, fmt.Errorf("GetUserByID: %w", err)
 	}
+	if u == nil {
 		return false, nil
 	}
 
@@ -633,7 +604,10 @@ func handleUserCreated(ctx *context.Context, u *user_model.User, gothUser *goth.
 			return false
 		}
 
-		mailer.SendActivateAccountMail(ctx.Locale, u)
+		if err := mailer.SendActivateAccountMail(ctx, u); err != nil {
+			ctx.ServerError("SendActivateAccountMail", err)
+			return false
+		}
 
 		ctx.Data["IsSendRegisterMail"] = true
 		ctx.Data["Email"] = u.Email
@@ -674,7 +648,10 @@ func Activate(ctx *context.Context) {
 				ctx.Data["ResendLimited"] = true
 			} else {
 				ctx.Data["ActiveCodeLives"] = timeutil.MinutesToFriendly(setting.Service.ActiveCodeLives, ctx.Locale)
-				mailer.SendActivateAccountMail(ctx.Locale, ctx.Doer)
+				if err := mailer.SendActivateAccountMail(ctx, ctx.Doer); err != nil {
+					ctx.ServerError("SendActivateAccountMail", err)
+					return
+				}
 
 				if err := ctx.Cache.Put(cacheKey+ctx.Doer.LowerName, ctx.Doer.LowerName, 180); err != nil {
 					log.Error("Set cache(MailResendLimit) fail: %v", err)
@@ -687,7 +664,12 @@ func Activate(ctx *context.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	user := user_model.VerifyUserActiveCode(ctx, code)
+	user, err := user_model.VerifyUserAuthorizationToken(ctx, code, auth.UserActivation, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		ctx.ServerError("VerifyUserAuthorizationToken", err)
+		return
+	}
+
 	// if code is wrong
 	if user == nil {
 		ctx.Data["IsCodeInvalid"] = true
@@ -751,7 +733,12 @@ func ActivatePost(ctx *context.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	user := user_model.VerifyUserActiveCode(ctx, code)
+	user, err := user_model.VerifyUserAuthorizationToken(ctx, code, auth.UserActivation, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		ctx.ServerError("VerifyUserAuthorizationToken", err)
+		return
+	}
+
 	// if code is wrong
 	if user == nil {
 		ctx.Data["IsCodeInvalid"] = true
@@ -835,8 +822,22 @@ func ActivateEmail(ctx *context.Context) {
 	code := ctx.FormString("code")
 	emailStr := ctx.FormString("email")
 
-	// Verify code.
+	u, err := user_model.VerifyUserAuthorizationToken(ctx, code, auth.EmailActivation(emailStr), true)
-	if email := user_model.VerifyActiveEmailCode(ctx, code, emailStr); email != nil {
+	if err != nil {
+		ctx.ServerError("VerifyUserAuthorizationToken", err)
+		return
+	}
+	if u == nil {
+		ctx.Redirect(setting.AppSubURL + "/user/settings/account")
+		return
+	}
+
+	email, err := user_model.GetEmailAddressOfUser(ctx, emailStr, u.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		ctx.ServerError("GetEmailAddressOfUser", err)
+		return
+	}
+
 	if err := user_model.ActivateEmail(ctx, email); err != nil {
 		ctx.ServerError("ActivateEmail", err)
 		return
@@ -845,13 +846,8 @@ func ActivateEmail(ctx *context.Context) {
 	log.Trace("Email activated: %s", email.Email)
 	ctx.Flash.Success(ctx.Tr("settings.add_email_success"))
 
-		if u, err := user_model.GetUserByID(ctx, email.UID); err != nil {
-			log.Warn("GetUserByID: %d", email.UID)
-		} else {
 	// Allow user to validate more emails
 	_ = ctx.Cache.Delete("MailResendLimit_" + u.LowerName)
-		}
-	}
 
 	// FIXME: e-mail verification does not require the user to be logged in,
 	// so this could be redirecting to the login page.

routers/web/auth/password.go

@@ -86,7 +86,10 @@ func ForgotPasswdPost(ctx *context.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	mailer.SendResetPasswordMail(u)
+	if err := mailer.SendResetPasswordMail(ctx, u); err != nil {
+		ctx.ServerError("SendResetPasswordMail", err)
+		return
+	}
 
 	if err = ctx.Cache.Put("MailResendLimit_"+u.LowerName, u.LowerName, 180); err != nil {
 		log.Error("Set cache(MailResendLimit) fail: %v", err)
@@ -97,7 +100,7 @@ func ForgotPasswdPost(ctx *context.Context) {
 	ctx.HTML(http.StatusOK, tplForgotPassword)
 }
 
-func commonResetPassword(ctx *context.Context) (*user_model.User, *auth.TwoFactor) {
+func commonResetPassword(ctx *context.Context, shouldDeleteToken bool) (*user_model.User, *auth.TwoFactor) {
 	code := ctx.FormString("code")
 
 	ctx.Data["Title"] = ctx.Tr("auth.reset_password")
@@ -113,7 +116,12 @@ func commonResetPassword(ctx *context.Context) (*user_model.User, *auth.TwoFacto
 	}
 
 	// Fail early, don't frustrate the user
-	u := user_model.VerifyUserActiveCode(ctx, code)
+	u, err := user_model.VerifyUserAuthorizationToken(ctx, code, auth.PasswordReset, shouldDeleteToken)
+	if err != nil {
+		ctx.ServerError("VerifyUserAuthorizationToken", err)
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
 	if u == nil {
 		ctx.Flash.Error(ctx.Tr("auth.invalid_code_forgot_password", fmt.Sprintf("%s/user/forgot_password", setting.AppSubURL)), true)
 		return nil, nil
@@ -145,7 +153,7 @@ func commonResetPassword(ctx *context.Context) (*user_model.User, *auth.TwoFacto
 func ResetPasswd(ctx *context.Context) {
 	ctx.Data["IsResetForm"] = true
 
-	commonResetPassword(ctx)
+	commonResetPassword(ctx, false)
 	if ctx.Written() {
 		return
 	}
@@ -155,7 +163,7 @@ func ResetPasswd(ctx *context.Context) {
 
 // ResetPasswdPost response from account recovery request
 func ResetPasswdPost(ctx *context.Context) {
-	u, twofa := commonResetPassword(ctx)
+	u, twofa := commonResetPassword(ctx, true)
 	if ctx.Written() {
 		return
 	}

routers/web/user/setting/account.go

@@ -155,9 +155,15 @@ func EmailPost(ctx *context.Context) {
 				return
 			}
 			// Only fired when the primary email is inactive (Wrong state)
-			mailer.SendActivateAccountMail(ctx.Locale, ctx.Doer)
+			if err := mailer.SendActivateAccountMail(ctx, ctx.Doer); err != nil {
+				ctx.ServerError("SendActivateAccountMail", err)
+				return
+			}
 		} else {
-			mailer.SendActivateEmailMail(ctx.Doer, email.Email)
+			if err := mailer.SendActivateEmailMail(ctx, ctx.Doer, email.Email); err != nil {
+				ctx.ServerError("SendActivateEmailMail", err)
+				return
+			}
 		}
 		address = email.Email
 
@@ -218,7 +224,10 @@ func EmailPost(ctx *context.Context) {
 
 	// Send confirmation email
 	if setting.Service.RegisterEmailConfirm {
-		mailer.SendActivateEmailMail(ctx.Doer, form.Email)
+		if err := mailer.SendActivateEmailMail(ctx, ctx.Doer, form.Email); err != nil {
+			ctx.ServerError("SendActivateEmailMail", err)
+			return
+		}
 		if err := ctx.Cache.Put("MailResendLimit_"+ctx.Doer.LowerName, ctx.Doer.LowerName, 180); err != nil {
 			log.Error("Set cache(MailResendLimit) fail: %v", err)
 		}

services/context/context_cookie.go

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func (ctx *Context) GetSiteCookie(name string) string {
 // SetLTACookie will generate a LTA token and add it as an cookie.
 func (ctx *Context) SetLTACookie(u *user_model.User) error {
 	days := 86400 * setting.LogInRememberDays
-	lookup, validator, err := auth_model.GenerateAuthToken(ctx, u.ID, timeutil.TimeStampNow().Add(int64(days)))
+	lookup, validator, err := auth_model.GenerateAuthToken(ctx, u.ID, timeutil.TimeStampNow().Add(int64(days)), auth_model.LongTermAuthorization)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

services/doctor/dbconsistency.go

@@ -243,6 +243,9 @@ func checkDBConsistency(ctx context.Context, logger log.Logger, autofix bool) er
 		// find archive download count without existing release
 		genericOrphanCheck("Archive download count without existing Release",
 			"repo_archive_download_count", "release", "repo_archive_download_count.release_id=release.id"),
+		// find authorization tokens without existing user
+		genericOrphanCheck("Authorization token without existing User",
+			"forgejo_auth_token", "user", "forgejo_auth_token.uid=user.id"),
 	)
 
 	for _, c := range consistencyChecks {

services/mailer/mail.go

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func SendTestMail(email string) error {
 }
 
 // sendUserMail sends a mail to the user
-func sendUserMail(language string, u *user_model.User, tpl base.TplName, code, subject, info string) {
+func sendUserMail(language string, u *user_model.User, tpl base.TplName, code, subject, info string) error {
 	locale := translation.NewLocale(language)
 	data := map[string]any{
 		"locale":            locale,
@@ -84,47 +84,66 @@ func sendUserMail(language string, u *user_model.User, tpl base.TplName, code, s
 	var content bytes.Buffer
 
 	if err := bodyTemplates.ExecuteTemplate(&content, string(tpl), data); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Template: %v", err)
+		return err
-		return
 	}
 
 	msg := NewMessage(u.EmailTo(), subject, content.String())
 	msg.Info = fmt.Sprintf("UID: %d, %s", u.ID, info)
 
 	SendAsync(msg)
+	return nil
 }
 
 // SendActivateAccountMail sends an activation mail to the user (new user registration)
-func SendActivateAccountMail(locale translation.Locale, u *user_model.User) {
+func SendActivateAccountMail(ctx context.Context, u *user_model.User) error {
 	if setting.MailService == nil {
 		// No mail service configured
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
-	sendUserMail(locale.Language(), u, mailAuthActivate, u.GenerateEmailActivateCode(u.Email), locale.TrString("mail.activate_account"), "activate account")
+
+	locale := translation.NewLocale(u.Language)
+	code, err := u.GenerateEmailAuthorizationCode(ctx, auth_model.UserActivation)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return sendUserMail(locale.Language(), u, mailAuthActivate, code, locale.TrString("mail.activate_account"), "activate account")
 }
 
 // SendResetPasswordMail sends a password reset mail to the user
-func SendResetPasswordMail(u *user_model.User) {
+func SendResetPasswordMail(ctx context.Context, u *user_model.User) error {
 	if setting.MailService == nil {
 		// No mail service configured
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
+
 	locale := translation.NewLocale(u.Language)
-	sendUserMail(u.Language, u, mailAuthResetPassword, u.GenerateEmailActivateCode(u.Email), locale.TrString("mail.reset_password"), "recover account")
+	code, err := u.GenerateEmailAuthorizationCode(ctx, auth_model.PasswordReset)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return sendUserMail(u.Language, u, mailAuthResetPassword, code, locale.TrString("mail.reset_password"), "recover account")
 }
 
 // SendActivateEmailMail sends confirmation email to confirm new email address
-func SendActivateEmailMail(u *user_model.User, email string) {
+func SendActivateEmailMail(ctx context.Context, u *user_model.User, email string) error {
 	if setting.MailService == nil {
 		// No mail service configured
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
+
 	locale := translation.NewLocale(u.Language)
+	code, err := u.GenerateEmailAuthorizationCode(ctx, auth_model.EmailActivation(email))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	data := map[string]any{
 		"locale":          locale,
 		"DisplayName":     u.DisplayName(),
 		"ActiveCodeLives": timeutil.MinutesToFriendly(setting.Service.ActiveCodeLives, locale),
-		"Code":            u.GenerateEmailActivateCode(email),
+		"Code":            code,
 		"Email":           email,
 		"Language":        locale.Language(),
 	}
@@ -132,14 +151,14 @@ func SendActivateEmailMail(u *user_model.User, email string) {
 	var content bytes.Buffer
 
 	if err := bodyTemplates.ExecuteTemplate(&content, string(mailAuthActivateEmail), data); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Template: %v", err)
+		return err
-		return
 	}
 
 	msg := NewMessage(email, locale.TrString("mail.activate_email"), content.String())
 	msg.Info = fmt.Sprintf("UID: %d, activate email", u.ID)
 
 	SendAsync(msg)
+	return nil
 }
 
 // SendRegisterNotifyMail triggers a notify e-mail by admin created a account.

services/user/delete.go

@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ func deleteUser(ctx context.Context, u *user_model.User, purge bool) (err error)
 		&user_model.BlockedUser{BlockID: u.ID},
 		&user_model.BlockedUser{UserID: u.ID},
 		&actions_model.ActionRunnerToken{OwnerID: u.ID},
+		&auth_model.AuthorizationToken{UID: u.ID},
 	); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("deleteBeans: %w", err)
 	}

tests/integration/auth_token_test.go

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func TestLTACookie(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, found)
 	rawValidator, err := hex.DecodeString(validator)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &auth.AuthorizationToken{LookupKey: lookupKey, HashedValidator: auth.HashValidator(rawValidator), UID: user.ID})
+	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &auth.AuthorizationToken{LookupKey: lookupKey, HashedValidator: auth.HashValidator(rawValidator), UID: user.ID, Purpose: auth.LongTermAuthorization})
 
 	// Check if the LTA cookie it provides authentication.
 	// If LTA cookie provides authentication /user/login shouldn't return status 200.
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ func TestLTAExpiry(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, found)
 
 	// Ensure it's not expired.
-	lta := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &auth.AuthorizationToken{UID: user.ID, LookupKey: lookupKey})
+	lta := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &auth.AuthorizationToken{UID: user.ID, LookupKey: lookupKey, Purpose: auth.LongTermAuthorization})
 	assert.False(t, lta.IsExpired())
 
 	// Manually stub LTA's expiry.
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func TestLTAExpiry(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// Ensure it's expired.
-	lta = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &auth.AuthorizationToken{UID: user.ID, LookupKey: lookupKey})
+	lta = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &auth.AuthorizationToken{UID: user.ID, LookupKey: lookupKey, Purpose: auth.LongTermAuthorization})
 	assert.True(t, lta.IsExpired())
 
 	// Should return 200 OK, because LTA doesn't provide authorization anymore.
@@ -160,5 +160,5 @@ func TestLTAExpiry(t *testing.T) {
 	session.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusOK)
 
 	// Ensure it's deleted.
-	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &auth.AuthorizationToken{UID: user.ID, LookupKey: lookupKey})
+	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &auth.AuthorizationToken{UID: user.ID, LookupKey: lookupKey, Purpose: auth.LongTermAuthorization})
 }

tests/integration/org_team_invite_test.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/organization"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
@@ -293,8 +294,10 @@ func TestOrgTeamEmailInviteRedirectsNewUserWithActivation(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	session.jar.SetCookies(baseURL, cr.Cookies())
 
-	activateURL := fmt.Sprintf("/user/activate?code=%s", user.GenerateEmailActivateCode("doesnotexist@example.com"))
+	code, err := user.GenerateEmailAuthorizationCode(db.DefaultContext, auth.UserActivation)
-	req = NewRequestWithValues(t, "POST", activateURL, map[string]string{
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	req = NewRequestWithValues(t, "POST", "/user/activate?code="+url.QueryEscape(code), map[string]string{
 		"password": "examplePassword!1",
 	})
 

tests/integration/user_test.go

@@ -5,14 +5,18 @@
 package integration
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	auth_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
 	issues_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
 	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
 	unit_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unit"
@@ -836,3 +840,171 @@ func TestUserRepos(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestUserActivate(t *testing.T) {
+	defer tests.PrepareTestEnv(t)()
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.Service.RegisterEmailConfirm, true)()
+
+	called := false
+	code := ""
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&mailer.SendAsync, func(msgs ...*mailer.Message) {
+		called = true
+		assert.Len(t, msgs, 1)
+		assert.Equal(t, `"doesnotexist" <doesnotexist@example.com>`, msgs[0].To)
+		assert.EqualValues(t, translation.NewLocale("en-US").Tr("mail.activate_account"), msgs[0].Subject)
+
+		messageDoc := NewHTMLParser(t, bytes.NewBuffer([]byte(msgs[0].Body)))
+		link, ok := messageDoc.Find("a").Attr("href")
+		assert.True(t, ok)
+		u, err := url.Parse(link)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		code = u.Query()["code"][0]
+	})()
+
+	session := emptyTestSession(t)
+	req := NewRequestWithValues(t, "POST", "/user/sign_up", map[string]string{
+		"_csrf":     GetCSRF(t, session, "/user/sign_up"),
+		"user_name": "doesnotexist",
+		"email":     "doesnotexist@example.com",
+		"password":  "examplePassword!1",
+		"retype":    "examplePassword!1",
+	})
+	session.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusOK)
+	assert.True(t, called)
+
+	queryCode, err := url.QueryUnescape(code)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	lookupKey, validator, ok := strings.Cut(queryCode, ":")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	rawValidator, err := hex.DecodeString(validator)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	authToken, err := auth_model.FindAuthToken(db.DefaultContext, lookupKey, auth_model.UserActivation)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.False(t, authToken.IsExpired())
+	assert.EqualValues(t, authToken.HashedValidator, auth_model.HashValidator(rawValidator))
+
+	req = NewRequest(t, "POST", "/user/activate?code="+code)
+	session.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusOK)
+
+	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &auth_model.AuthorizationToken{ID: authToken.ID})
+	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{Name: "doesnotexist", IsActive: true})
+}
+
+func TestUserPasswordReset(t *testing.T) {
+	defer tests.PrepareTestEnv(t)()
+
+	user2 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 2})
+
+	called := false
+	code := ""
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&mailer.SendAsync, func(msgs ...*mailer.Message) {
+		if called {
+			return
+		}
+		called = true
+
+		assert.Len(t, msgs, 1)
+		assert.Equal(t, user2.EmailTo(), msgs[0].To)
+		assert.EqualValues(t, translation.NewLocale("en-US").Tr("mail.reset_password"), msgs[0].Subject)
+
+		messageDoc := NewHTMLParser(t, bytes.NewBuffer([]byte(msgs[0].Body)))
+		link, ok := messageDoc.Find("a").Attr("href")
+		assert.True(t, ok)
+		u, err := url.Parse(link)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		code = u.Query()["code"][0]
+	})()
+
+	session := emptyTestSession(t)
+	req := NewRequestWithValues(t, "POST", "/user/forgot_password", map[string]string{
+		"_csrf": GetCSRF(t, session, "/user/forgot_password"),
+		"email": user2.Email,
+	})
+	session.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusOK)
+	assert.True(t, called)
+
+	queryCode, err := url.QueryUnescape(code)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	lookupKey, validator, ok := strings.Cut(queryCode, ":")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	rawValidator, err := hex.DecodeString(validator)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	authToken, err := auth_model.FindAuthToken(db.DefaultContext, lookupKey, auth_model.PasswordReset)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.False(t, authToken.IsExpired())
+	assert.EqualValues(t, authToken.HashedValidator, auth_model.HashValidator(rawValidator))
+
+	req = NewRequestWithValues(t, "POST", "/user/recover_account", map[string]string{
+		"_csrf":    GetCSRF(t, session, "/user/recover_account"),
+		"code":     code,
+		"password": "new_password",
+	})
+	session.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusSeeOther)
+
+	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &auth_model.AuthorizationToken{ID: authToken.ID})
+	assert.True(t, unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 2}).ValidatePassword("new_password"))
+}
+
+func TestActivateEmailAddress(t *testing.T) {
+	defer tests.PrepareTestEnv(t)()
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.Service.RegisterEmailConfirm, true)()
+
+	user2 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 2})
+
+	called := false
+	code := ""
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&mailer.SendAsync, func(msgs ...*mailer.Message) {
+		if called {
+			return
+		}
+		called = true
+
+		assert.Len(t, msgs, 1)
+		assert.Equal(t, "newemail@example.org", msgs[0].To)
+		assert.EqualValues(t, translation.NewLocale("en-US").Tr("mail.activate_email"), msgs[0].Subject)
+
+		messageDoc := NewHTMLParser(t, bytes.NewBuffer([]byte(msgs[0].Body)))
+		link, ok := messageDoc.Find("a").Attr("href")
+		assert.True(t, ok)
+		u, err := url.Parse(link)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		code = u.Query()["code"][0]
+	})()
+
+	session := loginUser(t, user2.Name)
+	req := NewRequestWithValues(t, "POST", "/user/settings/account/email", map[string]string{
+		"_csrf": GetCSRF(t, session, "/user/settings"),
+		"email": "newemail@example.org",
+	})
+	session.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusSeeOther)
+	assert.True(t, called)
+
+	queryCode, err := url.QueryUnescape(code)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	lookupKey, validator, ok := strings.Cut(queryCode, ":")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	rawValidator, err := hex.DecodeString(validator)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	authToken, err := auth_model.FindAuthToken(db.DefaultContext, lookupKey, auth_model.EmailActivation("newemail@example.org"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.False(t, authToken.IsExpired())
+	assert.EqualValues(t, authToken.HashedValidator, auth_model.HashValidator(rawValidator))
+
+	req = NewRequestWithValues(t, "POST", "/user/activate_email", map[string]string{
+		"code":  code,
+		"email": "newemail@example.org",
+	})
+	session.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusSeeOther)
+
+	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &auth_model.AuthorizationToken{ID: authToken.ID})
+	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.EmailAddress{UID: user2.ID, IsActivated: true, Email: "newemail@example.org"})
+}